Researchers are inching closer to making lab-grown sperms and eggs possible. They just discovered a protein that could help control epigenetic reprogramming in human cells.
(Photo: Pexels/Chokniti Khongchum)
New Protein For Epigenetic Reprogramming
In the new study, "Lab-grown sperm and eggs: 'epigenetic' reset in human cells paves the way," Mitinori Saitou, a stem-cell biologist at Kyoto University in Japan, and colleagues were able to address a significant obstacle -- how to guarantee that the chemical markers on the DNA and related proteins in sperm and eggs that are created artificially are positioned correctly. These tags can affect whether genes are switched on or off and are a component of the "epigenome" of a cell.
The epigenome evolves over a person's lifespan. Therefore, to maintain the original condition of these marks during the growth of the cells that will eventually give rise to sperm or eggs, they must be cleared.
The researchers discovered that epigenetic reprogramming was facilitated by adding a protein called BMP2, which was necessary for this stage. Compared to cells in cultures without additional BMP2, the cells developed in this culture were able to advance in their development.
Following epigenetic reprogramming, the cells' growth once more ended. Nevertheless, Fan Guo, a reproductive epigeneticist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Zoology in Beijing, says every step toward in vitro gametogenesis is "extremely significant." These days, Saitou and his associates are searching for strategies to encourage cells to advance toward becoming sperm and eggs.
After closely examining the epigenetic markings in their lab-grown cells, the researchers discovered that while most of these impressions had vanished, some still existed. This suggests that there's a chance the reprogramming isn't complete, which could have detrimental effects if the cells were used for reproduction.
"If imprinting on even one gene is aberrant, that could lead to disease," said Saitou.
Per Saitou, the secret to creating the next generation is epigenetic reprogramming. However, he acknowledges that there are still challenges to overcome and that the epigenetic reprogramming his lab has accomplished is not flawless.
He added that it would probably take five years or so to settle things or when "only the good science will remain." Guo agreed, noting that there were still many things to do and that it would take "considerable time" to address the other challenges they encountered.
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What Is Epigenetic Reprogramming?
Epigenetics is described as inheritable variations in gene expression that occur during mitosis and can be passed down through generations without changing the DNA sequence. Meanwhile, epigenetic reprogramming is how an organism's genotype interacts with its environment to produce its phenotype. It offers a framework for understanding individual differences and the distinctiveness of different cells, tissues, or organs despite having the same genetic makeup.
The primary epigenetic mediators are histone modification, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs. They control important biological processes like X-chromosome inactivation, gene imprinting, genome stability, and reprogramming non-imprinting genes. They also work on developmental plasticity, which is the ability of certain organ systems to permanently change their structure or function in response to endogenous or exogenous stimuli during critical times.
Developmental epigenetics is thought to establish "adaptive" phenotypes to satisfy the environment's needs in later life. A significant mismatch will hinder adaptation to later-life problems and increase disease risk, whereas phenotypes that fit projected later-life demands will promote health.
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