A new study by the UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology and NatureScot warns that Scotland's native wildlife could be threatened by an influx of 'alien' species in the coming decade. Researchers have identified 171 problem species, including raccoons, muntjac deer, and mussels that clog water pipes, as the most likely threats.
Stan Whitaker, NatureScot's specialist in invasive non-native species, emphasized the serious impact of these invaders on Scotland's environment, economy, and health, costing the country at least £499 million annually.
Top 10 Invasive Species in Scotland
Scotland currently hosts over 1,000 invasive species, including the grey squirrel, Japanese knotweed, and mink. Researchers embarked on a study to anticipate the 'alien' species most likely to invade the country. They identified 171 potential newcomers, focusing on ten high-priority threats:
- Pheasant's-tail
- Asian clam
- Zebra mussel
- Quagga mussel
- Australian flatworm
- Southampton flatworm
- Brown Kontikia flatworm
- Obama flatworm
- Floating pennywort
- Reeve's muntjac
- Parrot's feather
- Raccoon
- Highbush blueberry
- Crepidula fornicata mollusc
Several of these species thrive in freshwater environments. Scotland's vulnerability arises from existing pressures on river and lake ecosystems, such as climate change, pollution, and recreational activities, which can exacerbate the impact of invasive non-native species.
For instance, the non-native ruffe was introduced into Scottish waters in the early 1980s as live bait by anglers. The recent promotion of tourism in northern Scotland increases the risk of invasive species introduction through vehicles, boats, and equipment.
On land, muntjac deer and raccoons pose potential problems. Muntjac deer, already prevalent in southeast England, could damage vegetation if they expand further north. Escaped raccoons from zoos or private collections may prey on native species and transmit diseases like rabies. The threat of invasive species is on the rise due to increased international trade and travel.
To mitigate these risks, individuals can play a role by practicing responsible actions, such as composting invasive pond plants and reporting sightings of invasive mammals.
Helen Roy, an ecologist at the UKCEH, emphasized that prevention is the most effective approach to combat the introduction and spread of invasive non-native species, underscoring the potential impact of collective efforts.
What Are Invasive Species?
Invasive species can have a profound impact on ecosystems, altering them beyond recognition. These species are typically non-native organisms found outside their natural range due to human activity.
But not all non-native species are invasive, as some can thrive without posing a threat. Invasive species are those that have ventured beyond their native habitats and negatively affect other organisms and environments. They often escape natural controls like predators or parasites in their native ranges, making them well-suited to their new environments.
The problem with invasive species lies in the harm they can cause to existing ecosystems. They can alter habitats, deplete native animals of resources, and even introduce new diseases. Invasive species may prey on or parasitize native species that lack defenses against them, outcompete natives for food and resources, and reproduce rapidly.
Left unchecked, they can dominate habitats and suppress native wildlife. Invasions by such species are a significant driver of ecosystem change, surpassing even the impact of climate change, and they can also have substantial economic consequences for affected areas.
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