A guide to choosing high-efficiency solar panels

For many people in developing countries, solar energy is one of the surest ways of escaping the vicious cycle of inadequate and unequal access to power supply. It is not uncommon to find houses in upscale neighbourhoods in these countries completely powered by solar panels, which convert sunlight into electricity.

Even in first-world countries, the demand for off-grid power sources is increasing as more people work to reduce their electricity bills or eliminate them completely.

But getting access to solar energy through solar panels is not without its headaches. So how can a person in need of stable and equitable access to electricity know what solar panels will efficiently cater to their needs?

Understanding solar panel efficiency

Solar panel efficiency, which is different from its quality, determines the panel's ability to convert sunlight into usable, clean energy. This capacity diminishes over time.

Solar panels are often made of many silicone cells enclosed in a metal frame and covered with a glass sheet for protection. The panels work in a straightforward but technical manner. The photovoltaic cells within the solar panels absorb solar radiation emitted by the sun. The electrons in the solar cells then energise and form direct electric current. An inverter then converts this direct current into alternating current for household use. 

Factors influencing solar panel efficiency

Before investing in solar panels, it is important to know how efficient they are in relation to your power needs. The efficiency of a solar panel depends on several factors, including the type of solar panels, the weather conditions they are exposed to, and the rate at which they degrade. 

High-efficiency solar panels can convert a large amount of sunlight into usable electricity better than standard panels. They are able to do this based on the design specifications of the solar cells as well as the quality of materials used in constructing the panels.

High-efficiency panels are often constructed using premium materials like monocrystalline silicon, which can capture more sunlight and convert it into electricity more effectively than other materials. 

In addition, solar panels are most efficient when facing the sun without obstruction from shadows and clouds. High-efficiency solar panels make solar power viable in cloudy climates. This makes it essential to consider environmental conditions when choosing a solar panel to know what works for you.

Another factor that influences efficiency is the surface area of the panel. Large panels can capture more sunlight, which then produces more electricity. However, it's not just about size; the arrangement and quality of photovoltaic cells across the panels also play an important role in its efficiency.

Determining efficiency ratings

To test the efficiency of a solar panel, certification bodies and manufacturers carry out rigorous testing procedures. These tests measure how well a panel converts sunlight into electricity under standard conditions. Then, the efficiency rating is expressed as a percentage, representing how much sunlight the panel can convert into electricity. 

For example, a solar panel with an efficiency rating of 20% means that it can convert 20% of the electricity it receives into usable electricity. The higher the percentage, the more efficient the panel is at converting sunlight into electricity. It is important to note that, at this time, no solar panel can achieve 100% efficiency. Currently, the highest efficiency sits at about 23%, while the lows are around a 12% conversion rate. However, with the advancements in technology, solar panels are becoming increasingly effective.

When considering solar panels for your needs, it is important to balance efficiency with other factors like cost and durability. While high-efficiency panels may have a higher upfront cost, they often provide better long-term value through increased energy production.