Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and ADHD have long been linked, but new research shows they are two separate disorders with different therapies.
In the 1960s and 1970s, scientists first identified CDS. It is different from ADHD because the person with CDS falls asleep for long periods and thinks slowly.
Symptoms and Characteristics of CDS
People with ADHD can focus but are quickly distracted. People with CDS, on the other hand, have trouble focusing at first. They often daydream and have trouble focusing. They also process information slowly. An older name for this condition was "sluggish cognitive tempo," which shows the main problem: staying focused and processing information quickly is hard.
When these signs happen in kids, they often act "out of it," take longer to answer questions and have trouble finishing tasks. They aren't having trouble because they aren't smart or trying hard enough; it's just that their brains work naturally slowly.
The Spanish study stresses how important it is to tell the difference between CDS and ADHD and calls for CDS to be recognized as a different diagnostic group. The study found that kids with "pure" CDS, who don't have any ADHD symptoms, are rare but can be found.
How to Tell CDS from ADHD Apart
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) does not currently list CDS as a separate disorder. However, it is mentioned as a "symptom cluster" within ADHD presentations.
This lack of understanding often leads to wrong diagnoses and treatments that don't work. Even though cognitive-behavioral therapy and possibly stimulant drugs are used to treat similar conditions, CDS needs different ways of being managed because it is different.
Cincinnati Children's Hospital said kids with inattentive ADHD are more likely to have CDS, but those without ADHD can too. Kids with CDS and ADHD are more likely to develop anxiety, depression, sleep issues, and social isolation than those with ADHD alone. This emphasizes the need for accurate evaluation and personalized care.
The main difference between CDS and other psychological traits is that CDS has a big effect on daily life. The extreme daydreaming and slow brain tempo make it hard to do well in school and with friends, and people who have them are often mistaken for lazy or unmotivated. They might not be able to get the help they need because of this shame.
A study in Spain that looked at 5,525 teens across the whole country found that 49% of those with high levels of CDS symptoms did not meet the criteria for any form of ADHD, while 64% of those with high levels of ADHD symptoms did not meet the criteria for CDS. The CDS-only group had higher rates of anxiety, sadness, and problems with sleep compared to the ADHD-only group. This shows that different diagnoses and treatments are needed.
It is important to know the difference between Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome and ADHD to diagnose and treat it correctly. As more studies are done, more and more people want CDS to be included in diagnostic manuals and for doctors to come up with specific ways to help patients. Taking care of the special needs of people with CDS will help them deal with their problems and make their lives better without the false diagnoses and shame that surround their condition right now.
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