James Webb Space Telescope Could Help Confirm Life-Supporting Atmospheres on Exoplanets

(Photo : NASA/Getty Images) n this image released by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Hubble Space Telescope is backdropped against black space as the Space Shuttle Columbia, with a crew of seven astronauts on board, eases closer March 3, 2002 in order to latch its 50-foot-long robotic arm onto a fixture on the giant telescope. NASA plans to replace the Hubble telescope with the new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and plans to deorbit the Hubble telescope sometime in 2010.

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched in 2021, is now at the forefront of searching for life-supporting atmospheres on exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system.

By examining planets that orbit common stars known as M-dwarfs, especially those within the "Goldilocks zone" where conditions may allow liquid water, scientists hope to learn if these exoplanets could support life.

One promising target for the JWST is TRAPPIST-1, a star system located about 40 light-years from Earth. This M-dwarf star has a group of rocky planets in orbit, some of which fall within the habitable Goldilocks zone-where temperatures may be just right to sustain life.

Past studies raised doubts about TRAPPIST-1's habitability, as intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the star could potentially dry out its planets, leaving them with an oxygen-rich but potentially uninhabitable environment. Such a dry atmosphere, formed after water loss, could make it hard for life-supporting chemistry to develop.

New research, however, suggests that certain rocky planets around M-dwarfs might form stable atmospheres over time. A study published in Nature Communications led by Professor Joshua Krissansen-Totton from the University of Washington points to a process that allows atmospheres to evolve and stabilize even in harsh environments.

The study used computer modeling to track the changes a rocky planet undergoes from its molten beginnings through cooling over millions of years.

Findings showed that some planets farther from their star can gradually develop a stable atmosphere as hydrogen reacts with oxygen and iron in the planet's interior to produce water and other heavier gasses.

James Webb Telescope Observations Boost Hopes of Finding Life

Data from the JWST has so far shown that the hottest, closest planets to TRAPPIST-1 lack significant atmospheres, but the telescope has not yet fully observed planets in the Goldilocks zone.

Observing planets in this favorable region could reveal stable atmospheres where liquid water might be able to exist on the surface, a key ingredient for life.

The research also noted that in the temperate zone, water could condense and rain out, making it less likely to escape, which could further stabilize conditions on the planet's surface.

Although the JWST hasn't confirmed the presence of atmospheres on these more temperate planets yet, scientists believe these findings are a reason to keep studying them.

With the JWST and upcoming ground-based telescopes, astronomers hope to continue exploring TRAPPIST-1 and similar systems, suggesting it is worthwhile to invest time now in studying these possible life-supporting worlds rather than waiting for future, more advanced telescopes.

These insights not only increase hope for finding life-supporting planets beyond our solar system but also mark the TRAPPIST-1 planets and similar exoplanets as exciting targets for further study.